Endnotes
1. According to Peter Paret, this preface actually pertained not to On War itself but to a lost collection of essays dealing with the role and limits of theory. Nevertheless, it has become a part of On War and serves to inform us about Clausewitz' approach to theory. Peter Paret, Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 360.
2. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Ed. and trans. by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 70.
3. Azar Gat, "Clausewitz's final Notes," Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (1/89): 45-50. The essay also appears in Azar Gat, The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 255-63. Gat borrows heavily from Raymond Aron on this score. Raymond Aron, Penser la guerre, Clausewitz, 2 Vols. (Paris: Gallimard, 1976). The English edition, Clausewitz: Philosopher of War, Trans. by Christine Booker and Norman Stone (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985), is somewhat confusing due to a poor translation. A German edition is also available: Clausewitz, Den Krieg denken.
4. See Marie's "Vorrede," in Carl von Clausewitz, Vom Kriege. Hinterlassenes Werk des Generals Carl von Clausewitz, 19th Ed., Ed. by Werner Hahlweg (Bonn: Ferd. Dümmlers Verlag, 1991), 173-181.
5. In the note of 1827, Clausewitz stated that he would undertake the revision of Books I-VI (which were already in clean copy) only after he had further clarified his ideas through the writing, or rewriting, of Books VII and VIII. Vom Kriege, 177, or On War, 70.
6. See the English translation of On War offered by Howard and Paret.
7. On War, 71.
8. Center of gravity appears most frequently in the last three books, esp., On War, VI,27, 485; VIII,4, 596; and VIII,9, 617. Concentration is refered to as a "law" of strategy, On War, III,11, 204. Economy of force is mentioned in On War, III,14, 213.
9. The last paragraph of Book VI, Chapter 24, refers to a chapter on demonstrations in which Clausewitz had intended to show the differences between an attack and a demonstration. But the chapter has either been lost or was never written. Incidentally, Clausewitz' definition of a demonstration does not agree with the US Army's FM 100-5 which states that a "demonstration is a show of force in an area where a decision is not sought ... [and which] threatens attack but does not make contact." FM 100-5 Operations (Headquarters, Department of the Army, June 1993), 7-8.
10. On War, II,1, 132.
11. On War, II,4, 151-5. Clausewitz' definitions of law, principle, and rule appear to be drawn from Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Practical Reason, Book I, Chapter I, "Of the Principles of Pure Practical Reason."
12. On War, II,2, 141.
13. These tendencies, in turn, corresponded directly with the nation's government, the passions of its populace, and the skill and prowess of its military. On War, I,1, 89.
14. Carl von Clausewitz, "Bemerkungen über die reine und angewandte Strategie des Herrn von Bülow oder Kritik der darin enthaltenen Ansichten," Verstreute kleine Schriften, Ed. Werner Hahlweg, (Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1979), 77.
15. On War, IV,1, pp. 225 and 258. The mere possibility of an engagement, Clausewitz believed, produced the same results as an actual one. On War, III,1, 181.
16. On War, VI,30, 516-17.
17. Discussions concerning the nature of defense and attack appear numerous places throughout On War, but the theme receives special attention in Book VI, Chapters 1-5. See also On War I,1; VII,1-2; and VIII,8.
18. On War, VII,2, 524, and VI,1, 357.
19. On War, VII,2, 524.
20. On War, VIII,4 and 9, esp. pp. 596 and 623; and IV,3, 228.
21. On War, IV,10, 253.
22. The conditions of victory appear in On War, I,1 and 2; IV,3, 227; and IV,11, 258.
23. On War, I,1 and 2, pp. 80, and 90-9.
24. On War, IV,4, 233-4.
25. On War, IV,4, 231.
26. Turning movements are discussed in Book V, Chapter 16, "Lines of Communication." Flank positions are discussed in detail in Book VI, Chapters 14, "Flank Positions," and 24, "Operations on a Flank."
27. FM 100-5, pp. 101-102.
28. On War, V,16, pp. 346-7.
29. On War, V,16, 347.
30. On War, V,16, 347.
31. On War, VI,14, 415.
32. On War, VI,14, 416.
33. Generalfeldmarschall Graf Alfred Schlieffen, Briefe, ed. Eberhard Kessel, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1958), 312.
34. On War, VI,24, 465.
35. All are addressed in Book VII. The diminishing force of the attack is Chapter 4; the culminating point of the attack is Chapter 5, which contains a note reflecting Clausewitz' desire to develop the idea of the culminating point of the attack further in a chapter entitled, "The Culminating Point of Victory." An essay by that title was in fact found and included as Chapter 22 of Book VII.
36. On War, VI,25, 469.
37. On War, VII,4, 527.
38. On War, VII,5, 528.
39. On War, VII,22, 566.
40. On War, VII,22, 570.
41. On War, VII,22, 571.
42. On War, VII,22, 572.
43. On War, III,2, 183.
44. On War, VIII,4, 595-6.
45. On War, VIII,4, 596.
46. "Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Erganzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen," Vom Kriege, Hahlweg, p. 1047. The English edition, Carl von Clausewitz, Principles of War, trans. by Hans Gatzke, (Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Company, 1942 & 1960) contains some inconsistencies.
47. For example, Chapter 6, "Boldness," resembles the principle Offensive; Chapter 8, "Superiority of Numbers," Chapter 11, "Concentration of Forces in Time," and Chapter 12, "Unification of Forces in Time," relate to Mass; Chapter 9, "Surprise," and Chapter 14, "Economy of Force," are of course their namesakes; and Chapter 10, "Cunning," has much in common with Simplicity, Security, and Surprise.
48. On War, Note of 1827, 70.