"Beware of the man who works hard to learn something, learns it, and finds himself no wiser than before," Bokonon tells us. "He is full of murderous resentment of people who are ignorant without having come by their ignorance the hard way."

-Kurt Vonnegut, Cat's Cradle
 
Student Papers
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SEE ALSO: Search the Clausewitz Homepage

Clausewitz in Business
Clausewitz and Nonlinear Science
Clausewitz in Unusual Contexts
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STUDENT PAPERS ON CLAUSEWITZ


The high-tech way to cheat (or to know your students are cheating). Order Catalog # 1-21,659: "The Connection Between Clausewitz and Marx." Observes Clausewitz's views of modern warfare as the psychic energies of an entire people and comparisons with trade related to class struggle espoused by Marx. 90yr 5pgs 7fn 4s $44.75 # 1-10333. "A Comparison Between Democracy and Totalitarianism." Discusses Clausewitz's and other theories of war in relation to the formation of foreign policy. 79yr 14pgs 10fn 11s $125.30
# 1-10075. "The Eastern and Western Fronts in World War I." Compares the strategy and tactics of the two sides on the Eastern and Western fronts, to see why the former's campaigns so closely resembled the kind of warfare anticipated by Clausewitz, Moltke, etc. and the latter conforming to a new model believing th. 1993yr 20pgs ?nts 8scs $179.00
# 1-10165. "Clausewitz on Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War." Observes the relative importance of the Clausewitz theory of political and military strategy in the course of the war and its eventual outcome and the obsession with bold offensive maneuvers as responsible for Germany and Japan to conquer large areas in. 1995yr 20pgs ?nts 10scs $179.00 
T.O.P. (Thousands of Term Papers)

Military Strategists / Sun Tzu vs. Carl Von Clausewitz.
A 4-page paper that considers the military philosophies presented by Sun Tzu and Clausewitz and the similarities and differences that can be inferred from a comparison of their works. Bibliography lists 2 sources.   Artofwar.wps

Fog and the Friction / Always Part of the War
A 6-page paper arguing that regardless of how mechanized and technologically advanced warfare becomes, it will still contain the "fog and friction" described by Karl von Clausewitz. While technology will assist on the battlefield, it will not make up for numerous other factors. Bibliography lists 4 sources.   Fogfric.wps

Napoleon Could Not Have Won The Russian Campaign
An-8 page paper positing that Napoleon had no chance of winning the campaign. Arguments are based on William Fuller, Jr's. "backwardness" theory of Kutuzov's campaign, which included tactics that Napoleon was unprepared, strategically, to fight, or even interpret. Fuller's theories and Kutuzov's tactics and strategies are argued successfully against von Clausewitz and Sun Tzu strategy and tactic theories. Bibliography lists 6 sources.   Naporuss.wps 


From
COURSEWORK.INFO -- "The UK's largest coursework and essay database"

Do the Writings of Clausewitz have contemporary relevance?

"If you sign up you could be reading the rest of this essay in under two minutes."


"CLAUSEWITZ FOR BEGINNERS"

A paper by Maj Michael W. Cannon, USA, a student at SAMS (School for Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas). Posted by the Air University.


Clausewitz and Defense of the Sea
MAJ Fredrick C. Dummar
US Army Combat Studies Institute
December 2001

"Clausewitz and the Theory of Center of Gravity as it applies to Current Strategic, Operational, and Tactical Levels of Operation"
By Brian Blodgett, US Army warrant officer. Blodgett wrote this article while working on his Master of Arts in Military Science from American Military University (Manassas Park, VA), of which he is now an Assistant Professor. Blodgett says of his article: "Whilst I wrote this article for a class, I placed it on the internet simply to help inform people about the Role of Air Power."
Managing Friction Through Training:
The U.S. Army's Implicit Appreciation of Clausewitz's Thought
Maj. Suzanne Nielsen
US Army Combat Studies Institute
NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE Writing Program--Best Papers AYs 1995-2002 Look particularly at papers from Course 5602, "Fundamentals of Military Thought and Strategy" Many of these papers involve Clausewitz. 
FROM THE USAF "Clausewitz and the Indirect Approach…Misreading the Leader," by Capt. Kenneth L. Davison, Jr., USAF   "Clausewitz's Theory: On War and Its Application Today," by Col. Larry D. New, USAF 
THE  LINKS IN THIS SECTION HAVE DISAPPEARED. Anybody know where they went?
"Information and Warfare in the Information Age" Article for Fall 1995 Computer Security I (CS 229)

by Neil Hamlett, U. S. Navy Engineering Duty Officer.

See especially Ch.2: Characteristics of Warfare

    A. Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Information in Warfare in an Abstract Sense

    B. Western Military in the Information Age

    C. Summary: Warfare in the Information Age



Major Herbert T. Holden, USMC

"The Continuing Relevance Of Clausewitz: Illustrated Yesterday And Today With Application To The 1991 Persian Gulf War." Quantico, VA: USMC Command and Staff College, 1991." At http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/HHT.htm


Colonel John Osgood, USAR Retired

A Study of Clausewitz's Concept of the Military Center of Gravity


Kurt Kuhlmann

Review of On War for History 261, 10/7/92, on WarHorse Simulations page. 


Proving the Theory: Clausewitz, Grant and the American Civil War
by student: Col A.M. Brown Professor: Dr. A.D. English Date: 15 May 96 Course: War Studies WS 500 Royal Military College of Canada © The Author, 1996. 
SAAS: The School of Advanced Airpower Studies

Download papers:

"JOHN BOYD AND JOHN WARDEN: AIR POWER'S QUEST FOR STRATEGIC PARALYSIS," by DAVID S. FADOK

"BEYOND THE INDUSTRIAL WEB: ECONOMIC SYNERGIES AND TARGETING METHODOLOGIES," by STEVEN M. RINALDI, MAJOR, USAF

"THE LINKS BETWEEN SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY AND MILITARY THEORY: UNDERSTANDING THE PAST; IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE," by ROBERT P. PELLEGRINI


CLAUSEWITZ IN SPANISH
BREVE INTRODUCCIÓN A CLAUSEWITZ
By OSCAR ARANDA MORA, CAPITÁN DE CORBETA
(Lieutenant Commander, Chilean Navy)

This work pursues two intentions. The first is to introduce the thought and the work of General Clausewitz, with the hope to serve as a point of departure for further study of his work. The second intention is to spread its main concepts, thinking especially about those whose academic and professional obligations prevent them from dedicating the time required to the pleasure of reading this masterpiece concerning war. At the same time, it seeks to induce the reader to personal meditation on those paragraphs of On War that the author of this introductory work thinks--with modesty--to be of the greatest importance.


LtGen P.K. Van Riper (USMC) on The Immutable Nature of War (NOVA)

In Millennium Challenge 2002, a $250 million war game designed to test the new technologies and concepts of transformation and network-centric warfare—in which U.S. forces are data-linked with one another as never before—Lt. Gen. Paul Van Riper, former president of the Marine Corps University, was asked to command the "enemy" forces. In the first days of that mock battle, he used unconventional methods, including a preemptive attack that featured air-, sea-, and ground-launched cruise missiles to sink 16 American ships. After the American forces decided to refloat the ships and restart the game, Van Riper stepped aside from his role, contending that the rest of the game was scripted for American victory. In this interview, Van Riper explains the peril of placing too much faith in technology at the expense of a deeper understanding of the nature of war.

See also Christopher Bassford, "Doctrinal Complexity: Nonlinearity in Marine Corps Doctrine," which discusses GEN Van Riper's contributions to USMC doctrine.


 
HISTORY/MILITARY HISTORY LINKS


Brigade Planners for the 1st Brigade, 1ID at Fort Riley Kansas have
formed the "Devil Brigade Junior Clausewitz Club," dedicated to
detailed and deliberate planning as their armored brigade
continues to prepare, train, and execute missions
in multiple theaters around the world. They will now be taking our
Club House to Iraq for 6-12 months.

Web Sources for Military History compiled by Richard Jensen Military history site: http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html

Best of History Web Sites is an award-winning portal created for students, history educators, and general history enthusiasts. Here you'll find sites, rated for usefulness and accuracy, that will help you study or teach a wide variety of topics and periods in History. http://www.besthistorysites.net/

Web Based Resources
Edited by Lewis Armstrong -- Links to Free Access, Full Text Electronic Journals and Selected Websites
Electronic Journals for History
History WebSites Military History WebSites

THN The History Net

A translation of Clausewitz's 'On War' for Austerlitz players
By Johnathan Pascall
A very short translation indeed. 
The Library of Congress Search System 

Napoleonic Literature Homepage. Includes many complete books, such as: The Imperial Guard of Napoleon; The Memoirs of Baron de Marbot; Maxims of Napoleon; Life of Napoleon Bonaparte; Memoirs of Constant; The Note-Books of Captain Coignet; Napoleon in Captivity 



The Napoleon Series -- an electronic 'zine dedicated to Napoleon and his times. 
The Napoleonic Wargaming Club NEWSLETTER
In this issue, Meinen Damen und Herren, you will gain greater understanding of certain aspects of Prussia's contribution to the Napoleonic Wars: The intellectual giant of war theory, Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz, is celebrated in an illuminating essay by Peter Robinson, and also in Meet the Leaders. The spiritual/musical side of the Prussian military is evoked by two of the favorite Lutheran hymns of the Landser, presented in The NWC Songbook. Do you think Church music is unmilitary? After absorbing the lyrics of Ein' Feste Burg Ist Unser Gott, you'll be inspired to tackle your weight in wildcats, or "hordes of devils"! And, natürlich, the Bekanntmachung den Königliche Preussiche Armee occupies its usual place of honor. Ach, so! Readers, be advised that der Redaktur has spoken: "You will read this issue...and you will like it!!"

"Clausewitz, Liddell Hart, and the 'Manoeuvrist Approach'"
by 2e Luitenant Peter Robinson
Koninklijke Militaire Academie adjutant
1e Bn. Regiment Oranje-Nassau No. 38
2e/2e Nederlandsche Divisie



The Napoleonic Wars -- maintained by Mikael Anderssen
Prussia
Clausewitz
Virtuelles-Museum-Preussen
An on-line museum of Prussia. 
The Prussian Machine.
This site focuses on Kaiser Wilhelm II's military commanders and how the German Army was organized during the Great War, 1914-1918. 
 
PME LINKS

Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr

The Führungsakademie hosts the International Clausewitz Center [Internationales Clausewitz-Zentrum (ICZ)].


Die Clausewitz Gesellschaft
http://www.clausewitz-gesellschaft.de/
Publications, etc.

Air War College Gateway
to Internet Resources
  This is a particularly useful PME site, with many links of relevance to the student of military theory.  See esp. listing, Military Theory & Theorists.
CLAUSEWITZ AUTOMATED!
;-) by the Knowledge Engineering Group at the Army War College's Center for Strategic Leadership.
See Center of Gravity DISCIPLE -- A learning agent for the determination of center of gravity. 
KING'S COLLEGE LONDON
University of London DEPARTMENT OF WAR STUDIES
VIRTUAL STAFF COLLEGE (Australia)
Includes info/links on: Sun Tzu - Jomini - Clausewitz - Mahan - Corbett - Douhet - Liddell Hart - Mao. Also, xcellent pages on "Realism in International Relations Theory" and "Liberalism in International Relations."
Warfighting USMC Doctrinal Manual, FMFM 1 (original 1989 edition)   
 
TEXTS and INFORMATION


GAME THEORY.net

A resource for educators and students of game theory.




LEXIMANCER

Leximancer is a computer-based tool that can be used to automatically analyse the content of document collections and display the extracted information.

Click HERE for links to:
1. Screenshots comparing Clausewitz with the USMC Capstone Publications, along with thematic annotations.
2. Browsable Concept Index to Clausewitz' On War.



MACROKNOW
Edward E. Ayoub's Intellectual Intelligence website provides many references to Clausewitz, including a knowledge map of war including concepts from Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Mao, Che Guavara, et al.

MILITARY BOOKS ONLINE
Good military bookstore. See especially the annotations on English-Language books by or about Clausewitz.
[There seems to be some problem viewing this site in MSIE -- try Netscape.]

READINGS
On-line articles and papers about Clausewitz or his ideas
CLAUSEWITZ IN DENMARK
Edited by Claus E. Andersen
Stephen Barrett, Blogger

See especially article, "What is the trinity and how does it work?"

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

This is a pretty good blurb on Clausewitz, though the opening line is fatuous, incorrect, and out-of-synch with the rest of the article: "Prussian general whose writings, especially On War, advocated the concept of total war, in which all the enemy's territory, property, and citizens are attacked." 



The Carnegie Council was established by Andrew Carnegie in 1914 to work toward the ideal of world peace. It is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization dedicated to research and education at the nexus of ethics and international affairs. Subject topics include, human rights, ethics and the use of force, Reconciliation, the global economy and the environment.

Our link is to the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Use of Force Initiative. The program develops resources and networks on the ethical uses of force, including references to Clausewtiz. It includes speech transcripts, articles, reviews and other materials.


CLAUSEWITZ'S BOOK, ON WAR

COMPLETE Original German Version (Berlin, 1832)

COMPLETE English Translation (this one is by British COL J.J. Graham, London, 1873)

SEVERAL OTHER (incomplete) ON-LINE VERSIONS

INDEXES to ON WAR

Clausewitz Bibliographies



See the squashed version of Clausewitz's On War
HERE.
Clausewitz in Turkish (1975): The entire book, On War, in Turkish translation.
Carl Von Clausewitz Savaþ Üzerine [Türkçe baský, May Yayýnlarý, Nisan 1975, Çeviren: Þiar Yalçýn] 
Clausewitz's THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR 

JOHN BOYD

Boyd, a superb USAF fighter pilot, tactical analyst, aircraft designer, and inventor of the famous (and useful) "OODA Loop," is held by his followers to be the greatest strategic thinker since Sun Tzu. As usual with the acolytes of any particular strategic theorist, some of his followers—but certainly not all—tend to waste our time by energetically sneering at other theorists (something Clausewitz.com reserves only for dishonest propagandists, of course) rather than looking for the underlying links and synergies that might help us actually advance our understanding of the strategic problems we face.

There are a lot of info and links at http://www.sci.fi/~fta/JohnBoyd.htm.

Links to Boyd's original briefings are available at http://www.d-n-i.net/second_level/boyd_military.htm.Belisarius.com
"War, Chaos and Business"

This is a business-oriented Boyd site devoted to promoting Boyd's ideas. Visitors will be astounded to discover the following:

"You may not realize it, but many of today's most powerful business strategies—agility, the role of time and speed, and the need for mutual trust—trace directly back to this maverick Air Force fighter pilot."
Boyd's alleged superiority to Clausewitz is demonstrated on the following Belisarius.com links:
Summary of Clausewitz
Critique of Clausewitz
How the Lubricant of Trust Reduces Clausewitz's "Friction" (The External Component of Friction)

See also the Sun Tzu site SONSHI.COM's excellent interview with Dr. Chester "Chet" Richard, who was an associate Boyd from the mid-1970s until Boyd's death in 1997.

Chet Richards keeps Boyd's genius and contribution to society alive via his web sites "War, Chaos, and Business" (AKA Belisarius.com) and "Defense and the National Interest."

Boydians tend to draw a caricature of Clausewitz as a Newtonian scientific primitive (hardly validated by modern nonlinear theorists' analysis of Clausewitz's world view) and as obsessed with "decisive battle"—a curious notion that traces back to Wellington's misreading of Clausewitz's study of The Campaign of 1815. This alleged "obsession with decisive battle" is basically a conflation of Clausewitz's 1) emphasis on combat as the factor that distinguishes war from other forms of politics, and 2) his suggestion that perhaps the sacrifices of war should be made in pursuit of an actual decision to the political issue under violent dispute.

The Clausewitzian countercritique of Boyd would go something like this:
The primary problem with Boyd's thinking is that he and his disciples consistently ignored the political factors in real-world strategy, on both the theoretical and practical levels—perhaps because there is not a lot of political interaction inside an F-86 cockpit. The results have been some useful tactical, doctrinal, and technical advances; much internecine bureaucratic hostility; and a whole lot of personal and career frustration and destruction. Boyd was an interesting character and he provided some useful tools, but a Clausewitzian would be uncomfortable calling him a "strategist." Still, interesting stuff.


Chuck Spinney
"A Balkan Sun Tzu vs. the NATO Clausewitz:
A Tentative Interpretation of the Serbo - NATO War
"

April 4, 1999
A John Boyd/Sun Tzu fan (who, like many in that category, inexplicably feels that the sect requires him to sneer at Clausewitz) explains why a "Clausewitzian" NATO won't be able to beat the brilliant SunTzuian strategist Slobodan Milosevic. "In short, Boyd's theory says NATO and the United States are in deep trouble, and the Clausewitzians want to continue fighting a methodical battle against a Balkan Sun Tzu who they hold in contempt." In actuality, of course, Milosevic was defeated by NATO, deposed by his own people, and held in jail until he very cleverly died of natural causes. But we certainly shouldn't let the actual outcome of NATO's strategy influence our evaluation of this piece. Ed. 

A USEFUL JUST WAR THEORY SITE:

JustWarTheory.com is a free, non-profit, annotated aid to research and instruction in philosophical studies of warfare. It is owned and maintained by Mark Rigstad, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Oakland University.


Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Brian Orend, "War," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2002 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).


[U. Tennessee at Martin]
Alexander Moseley, "The Philosophy of War"

SUN TZU


  BIBLIOMANIAis a literary site with extensive links to important works on Reference (Literature and Language), Fiction, (including 60 classic novels), Non-Fiction, Important Classic Works, Biography, Science, Economics, Ancient Texts, Poetry, and Shakespeare. 
Kant greatly influenced Clausewitz's approach.

POLITICAL THEORY - a section of "The Western Canon."

A website with links to information on and writings by important political theorists: Plato, Aristotle, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Edmund Burke, The Federalist Papers, Jeremy Bentham, G. W. F. Hegel, Alexis de Tocqueville, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx.
HighBeam Research (the old "Electric Library") is a searchable on-line collection of books and journals, fully indexed. Access requires a paid subscription (a 7-day free trial is offered). It listed 1,225 returns from a search for "Clausewitz" made on 30 DEC 2004. 
Electronic Versions of Original Historic Source Material Includes classical works, Machiavelli, etc., with an emphasis on Scandinavian sources. 
"The Coming Anarchy"
by Robert D. Kaplan (February 1994): "How scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet." (And, coincidentally, how Martin van Creveld—"who may be the most original thinker on war since that early-nineteenth-century Prussian [Clausewitz]"—continues to obscure Clausewitz's ideas.) 

Strategic Commentary 22nd. July 1965: Clausewitz and Vietnam.
Strategic Commentary 21st. April 1966: Clausewitz; Vietnam; Rhodesia.

Two 1960's-era commentaries on Vietnam from a Clausewitzian perspective, written by Terence Heelas, a radical strategist and an admirer of Clausewitz. From Leo Baxendale.


 
MARXIST VIEWS

A neo-Marxist View:
"Von Clausewitz contro Sun Zu"

This article is in Italian. It argues that Sun Tzu's practical view of war is more sensible than "the logical and absolute theories of von Clausewitz." The Clausewitz Homepage agrees completely with this assessment, since Clausewitz's discussion of "absolute war" is, as Clausewitz called it, "a logical fantasy" designed to show the dangers of relying on abstract logic when considering the dangerous problem of war in the real world in which we live.


KIRSTEN CALE (from LM: THE MARXIST REVIEW OF BOOKS, on-line archive)

Cultural Wars

Review essay on Keegan, A History of Warfare; Pick, War Machine: The Rationalisation of Slaughter in the Modern Age; Porter, War and the Rise of the State; van Creveld, On Future War.


MARXISTS.ORG

Search for Clausewitz in Marxists.org archives containing works by numerous key Marxist writers.
(produced 54 hits on 15 April 2002)


PERIODICALS

DOD's First Professional Journal On-line "Clausewitz and the Indirect Approach…Misreading the Leader," by Capt. Kenneth L. Davison, Jr., USAF "Clausewitz's Theory: On War and Its Application Today," by Col. Larry D. New, USAF

and Foreign Affairs' searchable index.
International History Review 
Military Review

This publication focuses on concepts, doctrine and warfighting at the tactical and operational levels of war and supports the education, training, doctrine development and integration missions of the US Army's Combined Arms Center and the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. Available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. 
Parameters

The journal of the US Army War College.
The complete on-line article index of Parameters can be searched
War and History

e-mail at arnoldjournals@hodder.co.uk.) 
 
OTHER LINKS



CLAUSEWITZ GESELLSCHAFT

Ziele der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft


CLAUSEWITZ IN PALESTINE
"CLAUSEWITZ ON WAR: A COMMENTARY ON THE 'PEACE PROCESS'"

By Prof. Paul Eidelberg Prof. Paul Eidelberg is on the faculty of Bar-Illan University in Israel and writes a column for THE JEWISH PRESS.


The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School The Laws of War
Clausewitz on Audiotape. These recordings are based on the 1908 British edition of On War, which was derived from the 1873 translation. 
On War: Concepts, Definitions, Data - A Review of the Macroquantitative Research Literature up to 1980
by Johan M.G. van der Dennen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands 

PHILWEB BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ARCHIVE
THEORETICAL RESOURCES OFF- AND ON-LINE
PhilWeb is devoted to exploring the many, varied and often opposed attempts by human beings to conceptualise the nature of 'things.'  It is concerned, as such, with nothing less than the history of as well as the cultural and topical diversity of 'thought.'

Clausewitz



Diplomatic Pouch: The Diplomatic Pouch 'zine, the on-line magazine for the players of Avalon Hill's game of Diplomacy and its many variants, is published five times a year, beginning with a Spring Movement issue, followed in turn by a Spring Retreat issue, a Fall Movement issue, a Fall Retreat issue, and a Winter Adjustment issue. From this page, you can quickly jump to any of the issues of the magazine.

"On Diplomacy." Parts 1-4. Parts 5 & 6. A series of eight articles (six completed), each focusing on one book of On War, which will seek to apply Clausewitz's analysis to the art of war in [the game] Diplomacy. By Joseph Wheeler. 


CLAUSEWITZ IN FRENCH


DOSSIER CLAUSEWITZ

Aron, penseur de Clausewitz
Entretien avec Hervé Coutau-Bégarie
La Théorie du Combat
Général Gil Fiévet, A l'écoute de Clausewitz
Une chronologie et une bibliographie sommaire



Institut de Stratégie Comparée: Pensée navale - Pensée aérienne - Géostratégie - Histoire militaire - Histoire navale - Histoire aérienne - Théorie - Cultures - Actualité

Clausewitz in Japan (requires Japanese fonts to display properly)
More on Clausewitz in Japanese

Sayaka Chatani created her (mostly) Japanese-language website, SecurityGirl.net, when she was a Master's student at Columbia University, studying International Security Policy. Her site includes the sections on Clausewitz listed below.

- Who is Clausewitz, what is On War?

- Introduction to Clausewitz's terminology

- Clausewitz Humor

- Short bibliography


Santa Fe Institute A major center for the study of Complexity

Obituary for Colonel Harry G. Summers, Jr. Soldier, scholar, military analyst, writer, editor and friend. By David T. Zabecki. Originally from Colombiad. Summers was a major U.S. Army commentator on Clausewitz and had a tremendous influence on the way Clausewitzian ideas were incorporated into Army doctrine. A list of his relevant writings is Here. A discussion of his interpretation of Clausewitz's famous "Trinity" is Here.


Return to The Clausewitz Homepage